IP Code, Ingress Protection Rating

The IP Code, Ingress Protection Rating^, sometimes also interpreted as International Protection Rating, classifies and rates the degree of protection provided against the intrusion of solid objects (including body parts like hands and fingers), dust, accidental contact, and water in mechanical casings and with electrical enclosures
The standard aims to provide users more detailed information than vague marketing terms such as waterproof.
For example, an electrical socket rated IP22 is protected against insertion of fingers and will not be damaged or become unsafe during a specified test in which it is exposed to vertically or nearly vertically dripping water. IP22 or 2X are typical minimum requirements for the design of electrical accessories for indoor use.

Solid particle protection

The first digit indicates the level of protection that the enclosure provides against access to hazardous parts (e.g., electrical conductors, moving parts) and the ingress of solid foreign objects.

Level	Object size protected against	Effective against
0	—	No protection against contact and ingress of objects
1	>50 mm	Any large surface of the body, such as the back of a hand, but no protection against deliberate contact with a body part
2	>12.5 mm	Fingers or similar objects
3	>2.5 mm	Tools, thick wires, etc.
4	>1 mm	Most wires, screws, etc.
5	Dust protected	Ingress of dust is not entirely prevented, but it must not enter in sufficient quantity to interfere with the satisfactory operation of the equipment; complete protection against contact
6	Dust tight	No ingress of dust; complete protection against contact

Liquid ingress protection

The second digit indicates the level of protection that the enclosure provides against harmful ingress of water.

Level	Protected against	Testing for	Details
0	Not protected	—	—
1	Dripping water	Dripping water (vertically falling drops) shall have no harmful effect.	Test duration: 10 minutes Water equivalent to 1 mm rainfall per minute
2	Dripping water when tilted up to 15°	Vertically dripping water shall have no harmful effect when the enclosure is tilted at an angle up to 15° from its normal position.	Test duration: 10 minutes Water equivalent to 3 mm rainfall per minute
3	Spraying water	Water falling as a spray at any angle up to 60° from the vertical shall have no harmful effect.	Test duration: 5 minutes Water volume: 0.7 litres per minute Pressure: 80–100 kPa
4	Splashing water	Water splashing against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effect.	Test duration: 5 minutes Water volume: 10 litres per minute Pressure: 80–100 kPa
5	Water jets	Water projected by a nozzle (6.3 mm) against enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects.	Test duration: at least 3 minutes Water volume: 12.5 litres per minute Pressure: 30 kPa at distance of 3 m
6	Powerful water jets	Water projected in powerful jets (12.5 mm nozzle) against the enclosure from any direction shall have no harmful effects.	Test duration: at least 3 minutes Water volume: 100 litres per minute Pressure: 100 kPa at distance of 3 m
7	Immersion up to 1 m	Ingress of water in harmful quantity shall not be possible when the enclosure is immersed in water under defined conditions of pressure and time (up to 1 m of submersion).	Test duration: 30 minutes Immersion at depth of at least 1 m measured at bottom of device, and at least 15 cm measured at top of device
8	Immersion beyond 1 m	The equipment is suitable for continuous immersion in water under conditions which shall be specified by the manufacturer. Normally, this will mean that the equipment is hermetically sealed. However, with certain types of equipment, it can mean that water can enter but only in such a manner that it produces no harmful effects.	Test duration: continuous immersion in water Depth specified by manufacturer

Types of Valves

Gate Valve :

The gate valve is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restric­tion is desired. Because of their ability to cut through liquids, gate valves are often used in the petroleum industry.

Globe Valve:

                                             

A globe valve different from ball valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.

Check Valve:

Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. There are various types of check valves used in a wide variety of applications. Check valves are often part of common household items. Although they are available in a wide range of sizes and costs, check valves generally are very small, simple, and/or inexpensive.

Butterfly Valve:

A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The closing mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for quick shut off. Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less support is required. The disc is positioned in the center of the pipe, passing through the disc is a rod connected to an actuator on the outside of the valve. Rotating the actuator turns the disc either parallel or perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a ball valve, the disc is always present within the flow, therefore a pressure drop is always induced in the flow, regardless of valve position.

Angle Valve:

An angle seat piston valve is a pneumatically-controlled valve with a piston actuator providing linear actuation to lift a seal off its seat. The seat is set at an angle to provide the maximum possible flow when unseated. Angle seat piston valves are particularly suited to applications where high temperatures and large flowrates are required, such as steam or water. When used in reverse some models of angle seat piston valve will eliminate water hammer when operated.

Control valve:

Control valves are valves used to control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals received from controllers that compare a "setpoint" to a "process variable" whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in such conditions.

The opening or closing of control valves is usually done automatically by electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators. Positioners are used to control the opening or closing of the actuator based on electric, or pneumatic signals. These control signals, traditionally based on 3-15psi (0.2-1.0bar), more common now are 4-20mA signals for industry, 0-10V for HVAC systems.

Solenoid Valve:

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports.

Motor Operated Valve:

Motor Operated Valve (MOV) is an important item of Plant & Piping system. These valves are generally of large size and are used for different applications such as Pump discharge etc. Motor Operated Valves are often called as On-Off valves as the motors serve the purpose of fully opening or fully closing valves in pipelines.

Piston Valve:

A 'piston valve' is a device used to control the motion of a fluid along a tube or pipe by means of the linear motion of a piston within a chamber or cylinder.

Safety Valve:

A safety valve is a valve mechanism which automatically releases a substance from a boiler, pressure vessel, or other system, when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits.

It is one of a set of pressure safety valves (PSV) or pressure relief valves (PRV), which also includes relief valves, safety relief valves, pilot-operated relief valves, low pressure safety valves, and vacuum pressure safety valves.

Relays IEEE Number

List of device numbers and acronyms

• 1 – Master Element
• 2 – Time Delay Starting or Closing Relay
• 3 – Checking or Interlocking Relay
• 4 – Master Contactor
• 5 – Stopping Device
• 6 – Starting Circuit Breaker
• 7 – Rate of Change Relay
• 8 – Control Power Disconnecting Device
• 9 – Reversing Device
• 10 – Unit Sequence Switch
• 11 – Multi-function Device
• 12 – Overspeed Device
• 13 – Synchronous-speed Device
• 14 – Underspeed Device
• 15 – Speed – or Frequency, Matching Device
• 16 – Data Communications Device
• 17 – Shunting or Discharge Switch
• 18 – Accelerating or Decelerating Device
• 19 – Starting to Running Transition Contactor
• 20 – Electrically Operated Valve
• 21 – Distance Relay
• 22 – Equalizer Circuit Breaker
• 23 – Temperature Control Device
• 24 – Volts Per Hertz Relay
• 25 – Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check Device
• 26 – Apparatus Thermal Device
• 27 – Undervoltage Relay
• 28 – Flame detector
• 29 – Isolating Contactor or Switch
• 30 – Annunciator Relay
• 31 – Separate Excitation Device
• 32 – Directional Power Relay
• 33 – Position Switch
• 34 – Master Sequence Device
• 35 – Brush-Operating or Slip-Ring Short-Circuiting Device
• 36 – Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Devices
• 37 – Undercurrent or Underpower Relay
• 38 – Bearing Protective Device
• 39 – Mechanical Condition Monitor
• 40 – Field (over/under excitation) Relay
• 41 – Field Circuit Breaker
• 42 – Running Circuit Breaker
• 43 – Manual Transfer or Selector Device
• 44 – Unit Sequence Starting Relay
• 45 – Abnormal Atmospheric Condition Monitor
• 46 – Reverse-phase or Phase-Balance Current Relay
• 47 – Phase-Sequence or Phase-Balance Voltage Relay
• 48 – Incomplete Sequence Relay
• 49 – Machine or Transformer, Thermal Relay
• 50 – Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
• 51 – AC Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
• 52 – AC Circuit Breaker
• 53 – Exciter or DC Generator Relay
• 54 – Turning Gear Engaging Device
• 55 – Power Factor Relay
• 56 – Field Application Relay
• 57 – Short-Circuiting or Grounding Device
• 58 – Rectification Failure Relay
• 59 – Overvoltage Relay
• 60 – Voltage or Current Balance Relay
• 61 – Density Switch or Sensor
• 62 – Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay
• 63 – Pressure Switch
• 64 – Ground Detector Relay
• 65 – Governor
• 66 – Notching or Jogging Device
• 67 – AC Directional Overcurrent Relay
• 68 – Blocking or "Out-of-Step" Relay
• 69 – Permissive Control Device
• 70 – Rheostat
• 71 – Liquid Level Switch
• 72 – DC Circuit Breaker
• 73 – Load-Resistor Contactor
• 74 – Alarm Relay
• 75 – Position Changing Mechanism
• 76 – DC Overcurrent Relay
• 77 – Telemetering Device
• 78 – Phase-Angle Measuring Relay
• 79 – AC Reclosing Relay
• 80 – Flow Switch
• 81 – Frequency Relay
• 82 – DC Reclosing Relay
• 83 – Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay
• 84 – Operating Mechanism
• 85 – Communications,Carrier or Pilot-Wire Relay
• 86 – Lockout Relay
• 87 – Differential Protective Relay
• 88 – Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator
• 89 – Line Switch
• 90 – Regulating Device
• 91 – Voltage Directional Relay
• 92 – Voltage and Power Directional Relay
• 93 – Field Changing Contactor
• 94 – Tripping or Trip-Free Relay
• 95 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
• 96 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
• 97 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
• 98 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
• 99 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
• AFD – Arc Flash Detector
• CLK – Clock or Timing Source
• DDR – Dynamic Disturbance Recorder
• DFR – Digital Fault Recorder
• ENV – Environmental Data
• HIZ – High Impedance Fault Detector
• HMI – Human Machine Interface
• HST – Historian
• LGC – Scheme Logic
• MET – Substation Metering
• PDC – Phasor Data Concentrator
• PMU – Phasor Measurement Unit
• PQM – Power Quality Monitor
• RIO – Remote Input/Output Device
• RTU – Remote Terminal Unit/Data Concentrator
• SER – Sequence of Events Recorder
• TCM – Trip Circuit Monitor
• SOTF – Switch On To Fault