Winding failures in motor

Lovato motor protection relays

Winding failures in motor

The majority of winding failures in motor are either indirectlyor directly caused by overloading (either prolonged or cyclic), operation on unbalanced supply voltage, or single phasing, which all lead through excessive heating to the deterioration of the winding insulation until an electrical fault occurs.

The generally accepted rule is that insulation life is halved for each 10° C rise in temperature above the rated value, modified by the length of time spent at the higher temperature. As an electrical machine has a relatively large heat storage capacity, it follows that infrequent overloads of short duration may not adversely affect the machine.

However, sustained overloads of only a few percent may result in premature ageing and insulation failure. Furthermore, the thermal withstand capability of the motor is affected by heating in the winding prior to a fault.

It is therefore important that the relay characteristic takes account of the extremes of zero and full-load pre-fault current known respectively as the ‘Cold‘ and ‘Hot‘ conditions.

The variety of motor designs, diverse applications, variety of possible abnormal operating conditions and resulting modes of failure result in a complex thermal relationship.

A generic mathematical model that is accurate is therefore impossible to create. However, it is possible to develop an approximate model if it is assumed that the motor is a homogeneous body, creating and dissipating heat at a rate proportional to temperature rise.

This is the principle behind the ‘thermal replica’ model of a motor used for overload protection.

The temperature T at any instant is given by:

where:
Tmax = final steady state temperature
τ = heating time constant

Temperature rise is proportional to the current squared:

where:
I_R = current which, if flowing continuously, produces temperature Tmax in the motor

Therefore, it can be shown that, for any overload current I, the permissible time t for this current to flow is:

In general, the supply to which a motor is connected may contain both positive and negative sequence components, and both components of current give rise to heating in the motor.

Therefore, the thermal replica should take into account both of these components, a typical equation for the equivalent current being:

where:
I₁ = positive sequence current
I₂ = negative sequence current

and

at rated speed. A typical value of K is 3.

Finally, the thermal replica model needs to take into account the fact that the motor will tend to cool down during periods of light load, and the initial state of the motor. The motor will have a cooling time constant τ_r, that defines the rate of cooling.

Hence, the final thermal model can be expressed as followin Equation 1:

where:

τ = heating time constant
k = Ieq / Ith
A² = initial state of motor (cold or hot)
I_th =thermal setting current

Equation 1 takes into account the ‘cold’ and ‘hot’ characteristics defined in IEC 60255, part 8.

Some relays may use a dual slope characteristic for the heating time constant, and hence two values of the heating time constant are required. Switching between the two values takes place at a pre-defined motor current. This may be used to obtain better tripping performance during starting on motors that use a star-delta starter. During starting, the motor windings carry full line current, while in the ‘run’ condition, they carry only 57% of the current seen by the relay.

Similarly, when the motor is disconnected from the supply, the heating time constant τ is set equal to the cooling time constant τ_r.

Since the relay should ideally be matched to the protected motor and be capable of close sustained overload protection, a wide range of relay adjustment is desirable together with good accuracy and low thermal overshoot.

Typical relay setting curves are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Thermal overload characteristic curves; Cold curves. Initial thermal state 0%

Resource: Network, Protection & Automation Guide – Areva